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Part 2 Griechische Literatur 323-44 BC Hellenistic Period around 325 BC Callisthenes, historian, Achievements of Alexander 322 BC Death (12.10.322 BC, Calauria Argolis) of Demosthenes Death of Aristotle 320 BC Timon of Phlius (c. 320-230 BC), poet, according to Laertius author of sixty tragedies, thirty comedies, as well as epics, satyr plays Silloi (Lampoons) and kinaidoi (obscene poems) , some work refers to the Philosophy of Pyrrho, Indalmoi (Images or Appearances) other works known as titles On the Senses , Against the Physicists 318 BC First prize for Diphilos (new comedy) 317/6 BC Menander, Greek playwright, wins Athenian prize with Orge ( his comedy Dyscolos performed at the festival of Lenaea) Arcesilaus of Pitane (Αρκεσίλαος ο Πιταναίος) (316– c.241) BC, Philosopher 315 -260 BC Theocritus or Syracuse (Θεόκριτος ο Συρακούσιος), Poet (bucolic poetry) Idylls . (Greek Text) His work influenced other poets such as Bion, Moschus, Vergil and Spenser. Idylls
(Oxford World's Classics) Aratus Solensis (Αρατος ο Σολεύς) (c. 315/310 – 250/240 BC) son of Athenadoros and Litophila, (Ἄρατος ὁ ποιητὴς γένει ἦν ἀπὸ Σόλων τῆς Κιλικίας. ἐγένετο πατρὸς μὲν Ἀθηνοδώρου, μητρὸς δὲ Λητοφίλας) poet (and scientist) born in Soli/Cyprus died in Pella, Φαινόμενα και Διοσημεία (The Phaenomena , 1154 hexameters). Probably the first scientific poem. Biography in Greek Written in the Stars Poetry and Philosophy in the Phaenomena of Aratus c. 307 BC 305 – 240 BC Callimachus of Cyrene (Καλλίμαχος ο Κυρηναίος) , poet, authored Aitia that includes Berenike's lock (mainly Latin version survived), Tables of Persons Eminent in Every Branch of Learning – a collection of lists – of lyric poets, writers of comedy and tragedy, orators, philosophers, historians, doctors, et al. – names arranged in alphabetical order with a brief biography and catalog of the man’s writings – first encyclopedia of literature. Actia – a collection of legends When Ptolemy had married Berenike.. and had set out a few days later to attack Asia, Berenike vowed to cut a lock of her hair if Ptolemy were to return victorious; in accordance with this vow, she placed the dedicated lock in the temple of Aphrodite Arsinoe at Zephyrion and did not find it there the next day; when the king was disturbed by what had happened, Conon the astronomer...eager to curry favour with him, said that the lock appeared to have been stationed among the start; and he pointed out a certain shapeless group of seven start and claimed that they were the lock. (Hyginus Astronomica). Callimachus used this story in the poem Berenike's lock in which the lock describes how it was taken from the temple by divine intervention and was placed in the heavens. The
Poems of Callimachus Euhemeros of Messene end of 4th - begin of 3rd century BC Hiera anagraphe Aristobulus or Aristoboulos c. 300 BC, historian. History of the campaigns of Alexander the Great (lost) 3rd Century BC Hedylos, poet , Alexandria Anyte of Tegea (Ανύτη η Τεγεάτις) (Peloponnese) , Arcadian poetess, called also the “female Homer”, epigrams (use Unicode browser encoding) and epitaphs (even for animals such as dolphins) Info, (More Info) . A Statue of her was set up in honor of her work. Thymocles Sotades of Maronea (The Obscene), inventor of palindromes (Sotadic verses). Sotades attacked many with his sometimes obscene poems but his mistake was that King Ptolemy II was among these persons. After he was put in jail he escaped but Ptolemy's admiral Patroclus caught him, sealed him in a leaden chest and tossed him into the sea. ( The Palindromist Magazine ) c. 300 BC Nossis (300 BC) a poetess from Locris in South Italy who considered Aphrodite as the source of her poetic inspiration Moero or Myro of Byzantium, poetess, hexameters of Pleiades who had served baby Zeus. Apollonius of Rhodes (Απολλώνιος Ρόδιος) (c. 296 BC), he was actually born in Alexandria but went to Rhodes after differences with this teacher Callimachus. Author of Argonautica (first poet to use romantic love as the central theme for an epic poem) “Apollonius ..[a young man from Rhodes with thin legs].., then only eighteen, gave in the Mouseion a public reading of the preliminary draft of his poem. A violent quarrel was the result, Apollonius was expelled E.M. Foster) ” (Another Site) , See also this Site with the Argonautica translation (from 1496 to 2002 more than 1930 publications were written related to Apollonius of Rhodes!) c. 292-290 BC Death of Menander Lycophron (Λυκόφρων ) (fl. 285-247 BC), poet and grammarian in Alexandria, born at Chalcis in Euboea. The phenomenon of anagrams was first discovered by Lycophron in 260 B.C. The study of anagrams has been called the Great Art because the word ANAGRAMS can be transposed to produce ARS MAGNA, i.e. Great Art. An anagram is formed by taking the letters of a word, name or phrase and changing their order to come up with another word or set of words. All letters in the first name must be used in the second, an example LEMON and MELON. c. 284 BC Lucius Livius Andronicus (284-204 BC), a Greek, "the father of Roman dramatic and epic poetry". c. 280 -240 BC Posidippus of Pella (New Posidippus) a poet with poems discovered in 1992 inside a mummy casing the oldest and largest collection of 112 Greek poems. (Posidippus Industry a large collection of papers published after the discovery!) Alexander Aetolus, of Pleuron in Aetolia, (fl. 280 BC) tragic poet Manetho (fl. 280-260 BC), Egyptian historian, History of Egypt in Greek Berossus or Berosus (Bel-re’ushu) Babylonian scholar, priest of Marduk. Babyloniaka (History of Mesopotamia) in Greek 275 BC Euphorion (275 BC -187?) born in Chalkis, Mythological Epics, Epigrams, satirical poems, Worked for the Royal Library at Antioch (first Librarian) until his death. His work translated by Romans among others also the emperor Tiberius 270 BC Asclepiades of Samos (Ασκληπιάδης), lyric poet (erotic epigrams) – Asclepiadean metre Herondas (or Herodas) of Kos (or Syracuse) (Ηρώνδας), Mimograph , everyday life scetches (Info) Pornovoskos 218 BC Aristodama a poetess from Smyrna honoured by the Aetolians of Lamia in Thessaly 203 BC Polybius of Megalopolis the son of Lycortas (203-c. 120 BC), historian, Tactics, Histories (221-146 BC) (Book 1, 2, 3, ,4, 5, 6, 7-9 PDF Files) c. 2nd Century BC Bion, bucolic poet from Phlossa, near Smyrna. Fragments of his work (17 short poems) survived. Probably one of his work was The Lament for Adonis,the model for Shelley's Adonais. Antipater of Sidon, poet, writer, published the list of the Seven Wonders of the World Agatharchides of Cnidus (Αγαθαρχίδης) Geographer, historian, fragments survived of his work (On Asia, On Africa,On Europe, Journey around the Red Sea) c. 180 BC Apollodorus of Athens, student of Aristarchus of Samothrace Chronicle 170 BC Dionysius of Thrax (170-90 BC) Διονύσιος ὁ Θρᾶιξ 130 BC Archias ) (Αρχίας) (b. 130 BC Antioch Syria) Greek poet and as Roman citizen known as Aulus Licinius Archias (Palatine Anthology - Archias ) In Rome since 102 BC having developed a reputation as an extemporaneous composer of verse, and was well received among the most influential families at Rome. In 93 Archias visited Sicily with his patron Lucullus, and received the citizenship of Heracleia, which was one of the Roman federated towns indirectly receiving citizenship of Rome. But in 61 he was accused by a certain Gratius of having attained the Roman citizenship illegally, and this speech is Cicero's defense of Archias' citizenship. (http://community.middlebury.edu/~harris/Texts/cicero.archias.html ) 105 BC Lucius Cornelius Alexander Polyhistor ( Αλέξανδρος Πολυΐστορας) (105-35 BC), a Greek scholar, author and philosopher, a slave in Rome who became Roman citizen. He was called Polyhistor (many histories) from his 42 books on philosophy (Philosophers’ Successions), geography, and history. He is an important source of Jewish Literature 1st Century BC Meleager of Gadara (Μελέαγρος), Greek poet from Gadara (Syria). Collection of poems of 50 writers (He compared each writer to a flower) ..from which the word Anthology is derived (Anthos flower).. and Anthology means a collection of flowers. Dionysios of Halikarnassos (Διονύσιος ο Αλικαρνασσέας), Historian, Romaike Archaiologia (Antiquitates Romanae) [Books 1-9, and parts of 11 and 12 survive. It went up to where Polybios began] Mythical times to 264 BC , although only survives to 441 BC Diodorus Siculus, historian Didymus Chalcenterus (c. 63 BC - 10 AD), scholar and grammarian, author of 3500 books (no surprise that he could not remember the titles!) 1st century AD Chariton of Aphrodisias (Χαρίτων Αφροδίσιος) Χαιρέας και Καλλιρόη (Chaireas and Callirhoe) , Synopsis of the Plot the oldest known novel. Probably 1st century AD (or even 4th century AD?) 40 AD Dion Chrysostom (Δίων Χρυσόστομος ) ( 40/45 AD Prusa (modern Bursa) in Bithynia – 112/120 AD) orator, writer, philosopher and historian of the Romans. 80 orations on literary, political, and philosophical subjects known. Chrysostomos literally means golden mouthed. c. 45 – c. 120 AD Plutarch (Πλούταρχος) (Chaeronea/Boeotia), historian (sometimes not an accurate source), and a priest (Oracle of Delphi), biographies Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans, Moralia (influenced the work of Ralph Waldo Emerson). Some parts lost or modified later by others. Lives ( Alcibiades , Aristeides , Cimon , Lysander , Nicias , Pericles , Solon , Themistocles , Theseus ) See also http://www.bostonleadershipbuilders.com/plutarch/ , A more complete version from Gutenberg “I am disgusted with this age of puny scribblers when I read of great men in my Plutarch.” Frederich Schiller, The Robbers. Plutarch's work influenced Bacon, Goethe, Montaigne, Schiller and Shakespeare and Benjamin Franklin knew Plutarch's Lives when he was seven years old. Inscriptions from Delphi and Chaironeia which mention Plutarch
c. 55 - 135 AD
Epictetus (Επίκτητος), Discourses (H. Schenkl, 1916, Greek) , ( G. Long, 1890) , (W. Higginson, 1890) (Perseus), Blackmask (tr. G. Long) Encheiridion (Manual) (H. Schenkl, 1916, Greek) , (G. Long, 1890) , (T.W. Higginson, 1890) (Perseus), Blackmask (G. Long) ther fragments (H. Schenkl, 1916, Greek) , Perseus (tr. G. Long, 1890) , (T.W. Higginson, 1890) (Perseus) c. 87 - 145 AD Arrian of Nicomedia, (“The Second Xenophon”) historian and senator of the Roman empire, author of: Diatribes (8 books, teachings of Epictetus; 4 books survive); 12 books Epictetus' conversations (lost); Encheiridion (Epictetus philosophy very popular); Meteorology - (lost, except some fragments); History of Bithynia 8 books (lost); History of the Parthian wars, 17 books(lost); Description of the Black Sea (25 books, parts survive, which contain the oldest reference in Greek to "we Romans"); Order of battle against the Alans, military handbook on the best tactics in a war against nomads (partly surviving); another work on the Alans (lost); book on military tactics (the part on cavalry survives); Biographies of Dion of Syracuse, Timoleon of Corinth and a Bithynian bandit named Tilliborus (all lost); a book on hunting called Cynegeticus; the seven books of the Anabasis: the history of Alexander's march into Asia; the Indikê (1 book), about the marvels of India and the voyage home of Alexander's admiral Nearchus, Events after Alexander, 10 books known from a Byzantine summary.
ARRIAN, ANABASIS ALEXANDRI: BOOK VIII (INDICA
95-164 AD Appian of Alexandria, (Αππιανός) historian, author of a Roman History. The part on the Civil Wars survives 100-200 AD? (Pseudo) Apollodorus, Library and Epitome (Little Sailing: Greek zipped doc file)
c. 102-177 AD Herodes Atticus ( Ηρώδης ο Αττικός), One of the greatest orators of Greece but none of his speeches survived (very rich he contributed to Arts , Theater Herodes Atticus in Athens) Pausanias (Παυσανίας, )(born c. 115 AD), Description of Greece ( Description of Greece: Book I: Attica (Athens and Megara), Description of Greece: Book II: Corinth ) Aelius Aristides (117-180 AD) (Αίλιος Αριστείδης) 160 AD Lucian of Samosata (Λουκιανός Σαμοσατεύς) “Science fiction story”, Trips to the Moon, The Disinherited, Phalaris I & II, Demosthenes, Patriotism, The Fly, Swans and Amber, Dipsas, The Hall, Nigrinus, The Portrait-study, Defence of The Portrait-study, A Trial in the Court of Vowels, Hesiod, The Vision, Pantomime, Anacharsis, Toxaris, Slander, The Way to write History (Πως δεί ιστορίαν συγγράφειν), Hermotimus, The Parasite, The Liar, A Feast of Lapithae, Dialogues of the Hetaerae, Dialogues of the Dead, Dialogues of the Gods (Θεών Διάλογοι ), Dialogues of the Sea-Gods, Menippus, Icaromenippus, Zeus cross-examined, The Cynic, Of Sacrifice, Saturnalia, A True History ( Ἀληθῆ διηγήματα ), A Voyage to the Lower World, Charon, Timon, The Cock, Prometheus on Caucasus, Zeus Tragoedus, The Gods in Council, The Ship, The Life of Peregrine,The Runaways, The double Indictment, The Sale of Creeds, The Fisher, Herodotus, Zeuxis, Harmonides, The Scythian , A literary Prometheus, The Book-fancier, The Purist purized, Lexiphanes, The Rhetorician's Vade-mecum, Demonax, a biography, Alexander The Oracle-Monger (Ἀλέξανδρος ἢ Ψευδομάντις), Mourning, Dionysus, Heracles, Apology for 'The dependent Scholar, A Slip of the Tongue, Peri Tes Syries Theoy, (De Dea Syria / Concerning the Syrian Goddess)., Dream ( Somnium Περὶ τοῦ ἐνυπνίου ), On Dancing (Περί Ορχήσεως ). Most of these from Gutenberg in 3 parts: Volume 1 , Volume 2 , Volume 3 Alciphron (Αλκίφρων), rhetorician probably a contemporary of Lucian, author of a collection of more than 100 fictitious letters (επιστολαί) c. 170 AD Lucius Flavius Philostratus (Φιλόστρατος Φλάβιος) of Lemnos (ca.170 - 244/249 AD). Roman orator and sophist of Greek origin, Heroikos , The Heroikos Project 2nd Century AD Apollonius Dyscolus (Απολλώνιος ο Δύσκολος) ”the greatest linguist of the Greek and Roman antiquity” ( Apollonius Dyscolus website) Artemidorus (Αρτεμίδωρος ο Εφέσιος) Oneirocritica Dionysios Perihegetes (Διονύσιος ο Περιηγητής) first half of second century AD Oikumenes perihegesis Xenophon of Ephesus 2nd -3rd century AD ? Ephesian Tale considered as an inspiration for Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet Achilles Tatius (Αχιλλέας Τάτιος), (maybe later than 2nd c. AD) Leucippe and Clitophon (Λευκίππη και Κλειτοφών ) , Synopsis Longus Daphne and Chloe Synopsis
c. 200 AD Alkiphron Athenaios of Naucratis (Αθηναίος) Deipnosophistai (Δειπνοσοφισταί) 3rd Century AD Iamblichos of Chalkis 240 – 325 AD Heliodorus of Emesa in Syria (Ηλιόδωρος), son of Theodosius, c. 3rd century AD, Aethiopica, romantic novel. The Aethiopica was discovered in a manuscript from the library of Matthias Corvinus in 1526 Summary of Heliodorus' Ethiopian Story 4th Century AD Themistios (Θεμίστιος) ca. 317–388 AD Palladas (Παλλαδάς) 150 epigrams. Poems about a Pagan schoolteacher resigned to life in a Christian city, and bitter about his wife to the point of misogyny Dexippus (Δέξιππος) Aphthonios Progymnasmata Tryphiodoros Epyllion c. 400 – 460 AD Eudocia (Info) 4th or 5th century AD Philogelos (The Laughter Lover) a collection of some 265 jokes (Info and many jokes from Diotima) c. 536 AD Agathias of Myrina (Αγαθίας) (536-582 AD), poet (Daphniaca) and historian (5 books) c. 5th Century AD Musaeus Grammaticus (Μουσαίος ο Γραμματικός), Hero and Leander and possible the little love-poem Alpheus and Arethusa Hierocles ..... 1780 Goethe translates Pindar's Olympic Hymn. 1905 Discovery of a manuscript in Cairo that contained pieces of five Menander plays 191 Discovery of fragments of Sophocles' Ihneutae in Egypt 1957 Discovery of Menander's almost complete play, Dyskolos, in Egypt , Info 1962 Discovery of the Derveni Papyrus , in the region 10 km from Thessaloniki /Greece, in the Tombs of Derveni, . The oldest Papyrus document probably around 420 BC with orphic text. Parts translated were published (Gabor Betegh, The Derveni Papyrus. Cosmology, Theology and Interpretation). 1990s Discovery of parts of the trilogy Achilles of Aeschylus Dez. 2003 Discovery of a manuscript containing possibly unknown verses of Menander at the Vatican Library ( 400 verses, copied on to a parchment in the ninth century from Menander’s only salvaged play “The Grouch,” or “Dyskolos”. Researchers believe 200 verses could be completely new finds. Over the last century, manuscripts with fragments of his plays have come to light, including an almost complete copy of “The Grouch.”The protagonists of the new verses found at the Vatican Library are an old woman, a newborn child and a girl, according to initial studies, although the details of the plot have yet to unfold. 2004 A fourth poem of Sappho was discovered. Except 3 other poems 264 fragments with 63 complete lines of her work are known today . http://www.dartmouth.edu/~wareh/story.html 2005 Fragments of the Epigonoi of Sophocles extracted from a Papyrus with new optical tecchniques Decoded at last: the 'classical holy grail' that may rewrite the history of the world http://http://news.independent.co.uk/world/science_technology/story.jsp?story=630165. LIBRARIANS at the Great Library of Alexandria Zenodotus of Ephesus (Ζηνόδοτος) (284-260 BC) probably the first librarian, classification of poetry Callimachus (Kallimachos) of Cyrene (Καλλίμαχος ο Κυρηναίος) b. 304 BC (260-240 BC) 6 hymns, 60 epigrams and 800 books! Pinakes (Tables) a 120 volumes catalog of the “books” in the Alexandrian library. He influenced the work of the Romans Catullus, Ovid and Propertius Apollonius of Rhodes (240-235 BC) Eratosthenes of Cyrene (Ερατοσθένης ο Κυρηναίος) (235-195 BC) Aristophanes of Byzantium (Αριστοφάνης ο Βυζάντιος) (195-180 BC) Apollonius Idographus (180-160 BC) Aristarchus of Samothrace (Αρίσταρχος ο Σαμοθράξ) (160-145 BC) Festivals Lenea (Λήναια ) ( January ) Anthesteria (Ανθεστήρια) ( February ) Great Dionysia (εν άστει Διονύσια) ( March, 11-14 Elaphebolion ) Small Dionysia (εν αγροίς Διονύσια )( end of December ) Until 4th century BC, poetry was mainly transmitted orally (not written) and poetry was sung (sung poetry with composers called melopoioi or melikoi)
Lyric poetry (a term not used before the Hellenistic times) refers to a song accompanied usually by the lyre (and/or the aulos). Forms of Lyric songs sometimes in combination with dance depending on the occasion are:
Dithyramb, choral song (hymns in honor of Dionysus) at the Dionysia festival, improvised early with the chorus dressed like animals (goats) from which the tragedy (Greek word for song of goats) developed (Herodotus)
Miscellaneous Elephantis, poetess and author of a known sex manual in antiquity (unfortunately lost) Quotations "no Classical Greek plays on homoerotic themes survive, although we know that they existed, such as Aeschylus’s Myrmidons" (parts were discovered in the 1990s on papyrus inside an Egyptian mummy) Ancient Greek Humour, Alfred Guy Kingan L'Estrange Albin Lesky, History of Greek Literature West, M.L. 2003, Greek Epic Fragments |
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, Richard Unter (Introduction), Anthony Verity (Translator) , Oxford University Press; New Ed edition (July, 2003)