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Karve Hindu mathematician, was a teacher of mathematics, physics and chemistry. He contributed in the education of women in India. India Stamp 1958 MiNr. 283
Kashani, mathematician and astronomer, was born about 1380 in Kashan, Iran and died 22 June 1429 in Samarkand, (now Uzbekistan). A major work is “ The Key to Arithmetic” published the 2 March 1427 that provides mathematics for those studying astronomy, architecture, accounting and trading. He calculated pi with an accuracy of 16 decimal places, accurate sine tables and worked on geometrical problems such as the angle trisection.
Born: 18 May 1048 in Nishapur, Persia (now Iran)
Khayyam's dates of birth and death are reported differently by various authorities. The dates for his birth range from 1021 to 1048 and for his death from 1122 to 1131. Son of a tent maker, Khayyam was a mathematician, astronomer, philosopher, and poet. He was also skilled in medicine and music. His corpus of works, consisting of two works in physics, four in mathematics, five in philosophy, and one each in geography, astronomy, history, and music reflects his wide range of interest in the sciences and the arts. He knew Arabic and Persian. Of the works mentioned above eight are in Arabic and two in Perso-Tajik. In 1077, he completed "Risala fi Sharh Ma Ashkala Min Musadarat Kitab al-Uqlidas." This work includes resolutions for a number of difficult mathematical problems; resolutions which remained unresolved for the European mathematicians until the 16th and 17th centuries.
Kovalevskaya was born into a noble Russian family and due to her gender had to overcome many obstacles in order to pursue her interest in mathematics. Sofia started getting involved in mathematics at a young age. She gained this liking from her uncle, who as she quoted in her autobiography always was talking about the subject with her. By age 11 she had on her nursery walls notes of math from lectures people gave. She quite often studied these and connected them with some of the stuff her uncle told her. This is her first dose of calculus. She didn't have her first lesson in mathematics till about a year after though. Her father eventually put a stop to her mathematics but, she sneeked around him and read and learned about it anyway. By the age of 13 she was trying to explain trigonometric formulas to herself, she ended up using the same methods but in a harder and more developed format. Later on when Sofia was 18 years. Of age she was forced to marry. The year was 1868 and the month was September. The man was a young paleontologist named Vladimir Kolvelski. There were many quarrels and fights. Sofia was unable to continue with her studies in mathematics. This marriage lasted 15 years. At the end of their marriage, Sofia's husband Vladimir committed suicide. Then in 1869 she went to Heidelberg University to study mathematics, she found out later though women could not attend the university. She worked it out with the university, so that she could sit in on the lectures. Then in 1871 Weierstrass, Konisberger, tutored her in math. One of Sofia's first accomplishments was paper she did on Partial Differential equations. The equation starts out Uyy=F(Y,X1,X2,,Xn,U,UY,UX1,UX2,UXN,UX1Y,U XNY,,UXNY,UXIXI,UX2X2,.,UXNXN) The other paper was on Abilene integrals and the Saturn Rings. The paper she wrote on Partial Differential equations was published in Crelle's Journal 1875. Sofia finally got her doctorate in 1874. But was refused a summa cum laude. Mainly because of her sex being female. She was only able to get a job as an elementary school teacher. She made a comment to the fact in her autobiography that she found this hard because she was weak in multiplication tables. She decided though to quit this job on the oncoming of her daughter's birth. Her daughter was born in 1878. I could not find much more on her daughter, regarding her life or name or any details revolving around that subject. In 1886 the Prix Bordin Academy of Sciences and math announced its topic for the entries for this years award. This paper had to do with the Study of the rigid body. Later on that year Sofia was awarded her paper on Prix Bordin. The prize money was between 3,000 to 5,000 francs. The judges didn't know when they were voting but Sofia was a woman and all the other entries were men. She was the first woman chosen for this award. Then in 1889 she published Sur UN theoreme de M. Bruns. This paper had to do with the Burn's theorem. This theorem is the property of the potential functions of the homogeneous body. She also wrote a detailed paper, for the Swedish Academy of Science and Mathematics. She also had become an advocate in women's rights. Then in 1891 Sofia came down with influenza. This was caused because of complicated pneumonia. She died at the age of 41. The date was 10 Feb. 1891 in Stockholm, Sweden. This was also the height of her career, in which she was elected a member of several science and mathematics Academies. A Sofia Kovalveskaya stamp was published in 1951. Then again another stamp was published in 1996.
Born: 15 Aug 1863 in Visyaga, Simbirskoy (now Ulyanovskaya), Russia
Croatian physicist, author, educator, astronomer, mathematician - Born in Petrinja on January 1, 1857, he studied mathematics, physics and astronomy at the University of Vienna, 1873-1876. After completing his studies there, he worked as a high school teacher in Vinkovci, Pozega, and Zagreb. In 1899 he was appointed an instructor in mathematics and physics at the Forestry Academy in Zagreb. In this same year he received his doctorate. From 1899 until his retirement in 1915 he taught physics and mathematics at Zagreb University. He died on December 29, 1931 in Zagreb. The founder in 1903 of the observatory of the Croatian Natural Science Society, he distinguished himself as a populizer of natural science. His writings include Nasde nebo (Our Sky, Zagreb, 1895); Vrieme. Crtice iz meteorologije (Time: Sketches from Meteorology, Zagreb, 1897); Valovi i zrake. Crtice iz akustike i optike (Waves and Rays. Sketches from Acoustics and Optics, Zagreb, 1903); Gibanja i sile. Crtice iz Mehanike neba i zemlje (Movements and Forces. Sketches from Celestial and Terrestial Mechanics, Zagreb, 1915).- Yugoslavia 493
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