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Philosophy. A routine of many roads leading from nowhere to nothing. Ambrose Bierce. The Devil's Dictionary. Everything of importance has been said before by somebody who did not discover it. A. N. Whitehead Greek Philosophy is very rich. A very popular quote is that all modern Philosophy are footnotes to the work of Plato, but this is not correct. The truth is that Plato and Aristotle influenced Philosophy and even Christian religion more than some may think. Jesus probably could speak Greek and Paul was influenced by Plato's philosophy. In Raphael's School of Athens many Greek philosophers and scientists are shown. I tried to find out of who is who in this piece of Art. Pre-Socratic For the Eleatics changes are not real. Eleatics | Parmenides of Elea || Melissus | Zenon von Elea | Anaxagoras | Empedocles Can everything change? At least you need some fixed reference point for the observation of the changes.
Ionian Philosopy: | Anaximander | Anaximenes Atomists: Democritus | Leucippus Pythagoreans: Alcmaion of Crotona | Pythagoras | Theano | Archytas | Hippasus | Philolaus Sophists: Antiphon | Gorgias | Hippias of Elis | Critias | Prodicus | Protagoras The river is not the same..it changes continously
(...fire when it comes will judge and condemn all things). Heraclitus (c. 544 BC – c. 483 BC)
'That which is so great that there is nothing outside it may be called the Great One; and that which is so small that there is nothing inside it maybe called the Small One.' 'What has no thickness and will not admit of being repeated is 1000 lî in size.' 'Heaven may be as low as the earth.' 'A mountain may be as level as a marsh.' ' The sun in the meridian may be the sun declining.' 'A creature may be born to life and may die at the same time.' '(When it is said that) things greatly alike are different from things a little alike, this is what is called making little of agreements and differences; (when it is said that) all things are entirely alike or entirely different, this is what is called making much of agreements and differences.' 'The south is unlimited and yet has a limit.' Zhuangzi Chuang Chou about the sayings of Hui Shih (4th century BC) ; Zhuangzi who dreamed that he was a butterfly and after he woke up, he wondered whether he was Zhuangzi who had just finished dreaming he was a butterfly, or a butterfly who had just started dreaming he was Zhuangzi. Socrates
But the truth men of Athens is this: that real wisdom is the property of God, and this oracle (Delphi) is his way of telling us that human wisdom has little or no value. It seems to me that he is not referring literally to Socrates, but has merely taken my name as an example, as he would say to us ‘The wisest of you men is he who has realized, like Socrates, that in respect of wisdom he is really worthless. Socrates according to Plato Socrates is accused by Lycon and Anytus via Meletus that he corrupts the youth. Not thar only the followers of Socrates tried to overthrow the Athenian Democracy but also the sons of Lycon (Autolycus) and Anytus had a sexual relationship with the old bisexual Socrates. Is it a surprise that the former general and politician Anytus does not like Socrates? Athens just lost all its power after the Peloponessian war. Another reason to offer Socrates as a sacrifice to the angry Gods. With 280 from 500 voices the result of the trial is: Socrates is guilty and he must die. No one can read the story of the death of Socrates in the prison, as told by Plato in the "Phaido," without feeling (aside from the noble philosophical setting) how much more humane were such executions by hemlock than is the modern gallows or electric chair. William Stearns Davis Socrates , Socrates: Theosophical , I.F. Stone Breaks the Socrates Story , The Trial of Socrates , The Last Days of Socrates , Did Plato tell the truth? The death of Socrates using only "conium maculatum" some physicians say would be much worse and painfull than Plato describes. Hemlock Poisoning and the Death of Socrates: Did Plato Tell the Truth? Plato
Plato , Plato's Timeline , Plato's Life by Diogenes Laertios Texts
Where is Plato's Republic? Next to Yongy-Bongy-Bo, Shangri-La and Nirvana Land according to an American Newspaper Map Speusippus - Xenocrates of Calchedon - Polemon of Athens - Pamphilus of Samos Arcesilaus of Pitane - Lacydes of Cyrene - Euandros of Phocis - Hegesinus of Pergamon Carneades of Cyrene - Hagnon of Tarsus - Charmadas - Melanthius of Rhodes - Metrodorus of Stratonicea - Philon of Larissa - Proclus Aristotle
The man was born, he worked, and then died. Martin Heidegger, German philosopher, A short biography of Aristotle presented in a lecture. Stoicism
The stoic world: A deterministic world (where everything, good or bad ,is predeterminded). A world not separated from god, as part of the world all with a the gift of logos (that as a seed of reason was called "logos spermatikos") are part of a "cosmopolis". It is this participation that provides at least some answer to the problem of determinism. The idea of a cosmopolis was probably a reason that stoicism was supported by the Roman philosophers and rulers for which Rome was the cosmopolis. Cleanthes (Hymn to Zeus) - Chrysippus - Panaetius - Posidonius Cynics Who was the best Greek Philosopher: Plato, Socrates, Epicurus, Zeno? Forget all these! I say it was
Cyrenaics Aristippus - Arete of Cyrene - Scepticism
Pyrrho, Pyrrhonism and Academic Scepticism , Pyrrhonism and Maadhyamika I proclaim that justice is nothing else than the interest of the stronger Thrasymachus Neoplatonic philosophers Plotinus, (c. 205-–270 AD) , founder of Neoplatonism. Porphyry (c. 232 AD - c. 304/9), Neoplatonist, student of Plotinus. Iamblichus (242/5 - 327 AD), . Proclus (Lycaeus) (February 8, 412 – April 17, 487)
Diogenes Laertius, biographies (with many interesting stories) of ancient philosophers Paradoxa When the Argo ship was repaired after its voyage and destroyed parts were replaced by new material Greek Philosophers asked whether this was still the ship Argo. Zeno asked surprisingly whether motion is just an illusion and Parmenides said that all Cretans are liars. They did so to show logical problems with infinite small and infinite large quantities that in the last two centuries again were considered by mathematician after more than 2000 years. Why Achilles or anybody else can never catch a Tortoise? The paradox of motion and nothing changes The Quantum Zeno and Anti Zeno Paradox or Heraclitus Effect (Powerpoint presentation) , Meno’s Paradox The death of a good man is nothing to be sad about, since it puts him beyond the power of fortune and secures his happiness for eternity. Plutarch, Pelopidas Is death necessary and can death actually harm us? , Are all Cretans liars as Epimenides the Exorcist says? It depends how many say this! Periander | Solon | Aristeas of Proconessus | Pherecydes of Syros | Chilon of Sparta | Bias of Priene | Cleobulus of Rhodes | Anacharsis | Pittacus of Mitylene | Apollodorus of Phaleron | Archelaus of Athens , | Archesilaus of Pitane | Ariston of Chios | Aristoxenus of Tarentum
Solon, Miden Agan, "Nothing in excess" A competition between Greek philosophers: Who is the best? , The unfortunate Sisyphus and Albert Camus All I know is that I know nothing, Socrates, for Metrodorus a very arrogant statement: The Origin of Europe with the Greek Discovery of the World (PDF) Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (a free available work of more than 950 professional philosophers, that you can support!) Don't be prideful with any excellence that is not your own. If a horse should be prideful and say, " I am handsome," it would be supportable. But when you are prideful, and say, " I have a handsome horse," know that you are proud of what is, in fact, only the good of the horse. What, then, is your own? Only your reaction to the appearances of things. Thus, when you behave conformably to nature in reaction to how things appear, you will be proud with reason; for you will take pride in some good of your own. Epictetus
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